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OBIECTIVE
La finalizarea acestei unităţi veţi fi capabil să:
INTRODUCERE şi REPREZENTARE
Să ne amintim că toate numerele definite până acum, şi anume numerele întregi şi numerele fracţionare pot fi reprezentate pe o axă sub formă de puncte. Dar nu toate punctele de pe o linie pot fi reprezentate prin numere fracţionare. Aceste numere, împreună cu numerele fracţionare, poartă numele de numere reale, iar mulţimea lor este notată cu . Orice număr real care nu poate fi reprezentat ca un număr fracţionar poate fi privit ca un număr fracţionar cu un număr nelimitat de zecimale la dreapta virgulei.
Un astfel de număr este “numărul care, înmulţit cu el însuşi, este egal cu 2”, numit şi rădăcina pătrată din 2, dar acest aspect va fi discutat mai târziu.
este un număr real care, înmulţit cu el înşusi este egal cu 2
Toate operaţiile, cum ar fi adunarea, scăderea, înmulţirea şi împărţirea pot fi extinse la numerele reale. Aceleaşi proprietăţi şi ordinea operaţiilor sunt valabile pentru numerele reale. În practică, aproape niciodată nu vom lucra cu numere care nu sunt fracţionare, din vreme ce numerele reale care nu sunt fracţionare au un număr infinit de zecimale şi astfel nu putem lucra cu toate cifrele, aşa că vom folosi numai unele dintre ele.
Vom prezenta pe scurt proprietăţile celor patru operaţii:
(s-a folosit notaţia “” în loc de “” pentru înmulţire)
Într-o lecţie anterioară am întâlnit următoarele operaţii:
O metodă mai bună de a scrie înmulţirile repetate ale unui număr cu el însuşi este folosirea notaţiei putere. De exemplu, rezultatul calculului poate fi scris ca , cu semnificaţia că 3 este înmulţit cu el însuşi de 4 ori.
Rezultatul este 81.
În cazul general
And the result is read as “ to the th”. For integer numbers the calculations are easy, but for fractional numbers there are some additional rules, such as:
The most important cases are when the power is two or three. The number is read as “ squared”. One observation is that the square of any natural number is still a natural number, as is the case for all rational numbers. But can we find an inverse correspondence, between a number and the number who’s square it is? For instance, for 4, the number that equals 4 when squared is 2:
Same is true for 9 and 3, 16 and 4, and so on. We will denote such a number by “ the square root of”, therefore the square root of 9 is 3, and the square root of 16 is 4. We also write
In general we have
for any greater than 0.
Here are some additional useful formulae for working with real numbers:
Let us assume that we have the following problem: we are moving from the city A to the city B, at a speed of 60km per hour, and the distance between the two cities is 30km. How long will it take to get there?
We solve this by writing first of all
where is the necessary time. We know that multiplying the speed with the time we get the distance, so we replaced the speed with 60 and the distance with 30. In order to obtain the value of we must divide by 60 on both parts of the equality above, also called equation. We get
Further we get
That is is a half of an hour.
In general, we are dealing with equations of the following form
The general steps for solving the above equation, when are known are the following:
Another form for an equation is
as the one we solved in the example above.
Let us solve another example
Another example of application is the following: let’s assume a person has a bank account amounting 2500 RON and the interest rate is unknown. After one year the account holds 2650 RON. We want to find the interest rate, assuming it has stayed the same over the year. We have the following equation
We have, after moving 2500 to the right side
therefore
So the interest rate is 6% per year.
Let’s take a look at the following problem: John and Jane are brothers. Ten years ago, John had twice of Jane’s age, and in five years he will be 5 years older than her. How old are they now? In order to solve this problem we denote by and the age of John and Jane, respectively. We have
We shall work on the second equation, in order to obtain as an expression containing. We get
We use this expression for and substitute it in the first equation
And then we move all the terms containing to the right, and the rest to the left
Since and as we have seen before, we get .
Let us recall the problem we had earlier, with the initial deposit of 2500 and unknown interest rate. Let’s suppose that we only know the sum of money after 2 years, and it is 2809. In this case we have
Now we can take the square root of both members and obtain
and .